Parameterization of ruminal fibre degradation in low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis–Menten kinetics

This work aimed to parameterize the ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The intake, rumen outflow (L), fractional degradation rate (kd), discrete lag (LAG) and effective degradability (ED) of NDF, and the microbial flow of nitrogenous compounds into the small intestine (Nmic) were assessed in two 5 ×  5 Latin square experiments by using five Holstein × Zebu heifers cannulated in the rumen. The experiments were carried out sequentially and the treatments were formed by increasing the level of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds. A low-quality signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) hay was used as roughage. The nitrogen supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin, at the ratios of 4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively. The crude protein contents in the diets ranged from 51.9 to 136.3 g/kg of dry matter. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) concentration was used as an independent variable. The NDF intake, L and Nmic showed a quadratic pattern (P < 0.05) as a function of RAN concentration, and the critical points (maximum responses) were observed with 15.17, 16.28, and 14.52 mg of RAN/dL of rumen fluid, respectively. On the other hand, ED and LAG presented a linear-response-plateau (P < 0.05) according to the RAN concentration, with break points close to 8 mg/dL for ED (maximum estimate) and LAG (minimum estimate). The RAN concentrations to optimize NDF degradation and intake were defined as 8 and 15 mg/dL, respectively. This difference between estimates appears to be due to a better adequacy of the metabolizable protein:metabolizable energy ratio in the animal metabolism, which increases the animal intake even after the rumen NDF degradation has been optimized. This observation was supported by Nmic pattern. An adapted Michaelis–Menten model was applied to the data, where RAN was the independent variable and kd the dependent variable. The relationship between these variables was found to be significant by using the Hanes–Woolf plot (P < 0.01). Based on this model, the rate of NDF degradation as a function of RAN concentration indicates that fibre degradation in the rumen could be considered a second order process. In this context, the RAN concentration of 8 mg/dL was assumed as the limit where zero order (below limit) and first order (above limit) reactions become predominant for NDF degradation in the rumen.     

C and N turnover in structurally intact soils of different texture

The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg⁻¹ were horizontially sliced and ¹⁵N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO₂-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and ¹⁵N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO₃-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO₃-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and ¹⁵N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces ¹⁵N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO₂-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO₂-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content.     

脉动流化床的空气动力学特性与干燥特性

对小麦、大豆、豌豆种籽进行了一系列干燥试验,通过试验结果对脉动流化床干燥的空气动力学特性和干燥特性进行了分析。提出了干燥速率与干燥介质温度、气流表观速度、床层静止高度、气流脉动频率以及气流分布板开孔率之间的关系,同时也得出了床层压降与床层静止高度的关系。     

不同外源氮对石灰性土壤硝化作用的影响及其动力学分析

为了揭示外源氮源对石灰性土壤硝化作用的影响机理,以钙积半干润均腐土（Cal-Ustic Isohumasols）为材料,采用室内培养方法研究了不同添加量和不同氮源对土壤硝化作用的影响,并建立了对应的硝化模型。结果表明,NH4+-N消耗速率和NO3--N增加速率呈S曲线变化,NH4+-N消耗速率高于NO3--N增加速率。氮素添加量与NH4+-N消耗速率和NO3--N增加速率呈正相关,硝化菌外的因子对NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收与NH4+-N添加量呈正相关;不同氮素添加量对硝化作用影响程度不同,当氮素添加量为N 75 mg /kg,干土时,硝化作用较彻底。SO42-可加快硝化作用速率,同时也可改变其他因子对NH4+-N和NO3--N的利用。     

基于化学动力学的生物质颗粒燃烧排放NO特性模拟与验证

为研究生物质颗粒燃料燃烧NO排放规律及其生成机理,采用CFD和Chem Kin联合仿真,建立试验锅炉燃烧筒CFD网络模型,应用Chem Kin接口导入简化的17组分58基元反应机理,建立Chem Kin-PSR反应模拟网络,选用Reaction Design C2_NOx详细机理,对棉秆、玉米秸秆、木质3种生物质颗粒NO排放进行模拟。结果表明,NO生成量:棉秆玉米秸秆木质;NO排放量随过量空气系数的增加先增大后减小,在过量空气系数为1.7附近达到峰值。将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,证明了模型和化学反应机理的正确性,为生物质燃料燃烧NO排放的预测与控制提供参考。     

Cross-enhancement of accelerated biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds in soils: Dependence on structural similarity of compounds

Rates of degradation of seven organophosphate nematicides and insecticides were examined in two soils known to show accelerated biodegradation of fenamiphos and one soil known to show accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The results indicated that several organophosphate insecticides and one nematicide were susceptible to cross-enhanced degradation in the soil showing accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. No cross-enhancement was observed in the two soils showing accelerated degradation of fenamiphos. Fumigation resulted in the complete inhibition of pesticide degradation in all soils. The data suggested that the cross-enhancement of selected pesticides in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil was dependent on the structural similarity of the compounds. Mechanisms of degradation of pesticide in soil support this hypothesis, where structurally similar compounds (diazinon, parathion, coumaphos and isazofos) were hydrolysed by microbial activity in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil but the degradation products were accumulated. Enhanced degradation of chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos was found to be stable in the laboratory condition for a period of one year.     

Effects of modified Pb-, Zn-, and Cd- availability on the microbial communities and on the degradation of isoproturon in a heavy metal contaminated soil

The effects of modified heavy metal (HM) availability on the microbial community structure and on the microbe-mediated degradation of herbicide isoproturon (IPU) were evaluated in soil with a long-term HM contamination. The fate of ¹⁴C-ring labelled IPU was investigated for over 60 days under controlled microcosm conditions. Phosphate mineral apatite and a water solution of Pb, Zn, and Cd salts were previously homogeneously mixed into the soil material to reduce and to increase the proportion of bioavailable HM, respectively. The availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd was determined by HM fractionation and plant uptake 110 days after the addition of amendments, shortly before IPU addition. Apatite treatment reduced the availability of HM, but did not affect the microbial biomass and the microbial community structure on the genotype level (total soil DNA-RAPD). However, it changed the microbial community structure on the phenotype level, based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the end of the degradation experiment. The degradation of IPU did not change. In contrast to apatite treatment, HM supplementation increased the bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd, which resulted in biomass reduction and changes of microbial community structure on the genotypic (total soil DNA-RAPD) and phenotypic (PLFA) level. Increased bioavailability of HM also significantly reduced the rate of IPU degradation and mineralisation. The total mineralisation over a period of 60 days decreased from 12 to 5% of initial ¹⁴C. Increased HM bioavailability did not influence the degradation pathways and kinetics of IPU.     

Influences of alpine ecosystem responses to climatic change on soil properties on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Alpine ecosystems are quite sensitive to global climatic changes. Drawing from two sets of remote sensing data (1986 and 2000) and field investigations, the ecological index method was used to document ecosystem changes in the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions of central Qinghai–Tibet. Although crucial to understanding alpine ecosystem responses to global climatic changes, and in assessing the potential for their rehabilitation, the impact of such changes on alpine soil characteristics, including structure, composition, water retention, as well as chemical and nutrient contents, is poorly understood. Over a 15-year period (1986–2000), climatic changes led to considerable degradation of alpine meadows and steppes. In the meadows, the surface layers of the soil became coarser, bulk density, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity rose, while water-holding capacity decreased. In comparison, steppe soils showed little changes in soil physical properties. Degradation of alpine ecosystems led to large losses in soil available Fe, Mn and Zn. Important losses in soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) occurred in badly degraded ecosystems. Climate warming in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, caused by the impact of greenhouse gas, has resulted in changes of cold alpine ecosystem such as the significant alteration of the soil C and N cycles.     

不同氮效率水稻品种苗期吸氮效率差异及其机理研究

以大田筛选得到的不同生物学特性的12个水稻品种为材料,研究了水培条件下这些品种苗期的吸N效率差异,结果表明大田N效率不同的品种在苗期水培条件下吸N效率也不相同,并且大田相同类型的品种在苗期N效率也不完全相同。供试7个大田高产品种中只有桂单4号、云粳38和黔育421这3个水稻品种在水培环境中同样保持较其它品种生物量大,N响应高的特性;另外3个大田高产品种南光、予粳7号和4007在苗期N效率表现很差;红稻Vmax虽然很大,但是生物量很小,所以综合表现一般。3个低产品种Elio、抚宁小红芒和黄金糯中,Elio在苗期N效率很高,另外2个品种N效率不高。研究发现,生物量(尤其是根系的生物量)和对NH4 的亲和力(1/Km)以及Vmax是水稻苗期吸N效率的主要决定因素。典型的苗期N高效品种有桂单4号、黔育421、Elio和云粳38,这些品种苗期N累积量高,N响应值高,原因在于桂单4号、黔育421和Elio在水平增加后Vmax都成倍增加,尤其Elio的Vmax一直都很高,而云粳38则主要是靠较高的生物量来获得高吸N量。典型的低效品种有南光、4007、武运粳7号和予粳7号,这些品种N累积量小,N响应值小,原因在于其中前3个品种在N水平增加后Vmax都降低,Km大幅度增加,而予粳7号虽然Vmax稍有增加,但亲和力则降低最大而成为所有品种中最低的,所以综合结果仍是低效。     

ABA对水稻花后剑叶光合产物输配作用的示踪动力学研究

运用示踪动力学分析方法,分析 ABA 涂稻穗及剑叶后,剑叶中几种光合产物的变化,发现 ABA 涂稻穗后,能抑制剑叶中暂不输配物质的形成,对可输配物质的形成与光合产物的输出速率具促进作用。ABA 涂剑叶后,对暂不输配物质、结构物质与呼吸消耗具抑制作用,对可输配物质的形成具促进作用。